Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lifestyle-related chronic inflammatory
pulmonary disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. COPD is
associated with various comorbidities found in all stages of COPD. The comorbidities have
significant impact in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden in COPD.
Management of comorbidities should be incorporated into the comprehensive management
of COPD as this will also have an effect on the outcome in COPD patients. Various …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is being regarded as a heterogeneous
disease with clinically significant pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations, such as
emphysema, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is characterized by
low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced
bone fragility and, consequently, an increased risk of fracture. Fractures resulting from
osteoporosis might contribute to increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in COPD …