LDLs in humans comprise multiple distinct subspecies that differ in their metabolic behavior
and pathologic roles. Metabolic turnover studies suggest that this heterogeneity results from
multiple pathways, including catabolism of different VLDL and IDL precursors, metabolic
remodeling, and direct production. A common lipoprotein profile designated atherogenic
lipoprotein phenotype is characterized by a predominance of small dense LDL particles.
Multiple features of this phenotype, including increased levels of triglyceride rich lipoprotein …